Deep vein thrombosis classification scheme
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Editor(s)-In-Chief: The APEX Trial Investigators, C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1]; Associate Editor(s)-In-Chief: Cafer Zorkun, M.D., Ph.D. [2]; Kashish Goel, M.D.; Rim Halaby, M.D. [3] ;Assistant Editor(s)-In-Chief: Justine Cadet
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Overview
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is classified based on the site of occlusion or clot formation into lower extremity DVT and upper extremity DVT. Lower extremity DVT can further be classified into proximal and distal. Symptoms presentation of DVT and complications are largely influenced by the location of the thrombus.
Classification
Classification Based on Site of Thrombus Formation
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | |||||||||||||||||||
Lower extremity DVT | Upper extremity DVT | ||||||||||||||||||
Proximal (popliteal, femoral, and/or iliac veins) | Isolated distal (calf veins) | ||||||||||||||||||
In studies including symptomatic inpatients, 80% of DVTs are proximal and isolated distal DVT accounts for only 20% of all DVTs.[1][2][3]
Proximal Vein Thrombosis
Proximal vein thrombosis involves the proximal veins, including the popliteal, femoral, or iliac vein. Proximal vein thrombosis is responsible for the majority of acute pulmonary emboli and is associated with higher mortality.[4] Clinically, proximal vein thrombosis is considered severe, and it is more commonly associated with serious chronic diseases than distal DVT, such as:[5]
Shown below is the distribution of involved veins in proximal DVT:[3]
- Popliteal vein: 10%
- Popliteal and superficial femoral veins: 42%
- Popliteal, superficial and common femoral veins: 5%
- All proximal veins: 35%
- Common femoral vein and/or superficial ilieofemoral or iliac veins: 8%
Distal Vein Thrombosis
Distal or calf deep vein thrombosis involves the infrapopliteal veins [ie, posterior tibial veins, peroneal veins, anterior tibial veins and muscular calf veins (soleal or gemellar veins)]. It is often associated with transient risk factors, such as:[4]
- Recent surgery
- Immobilization
- Travel
It may also be associated with permanent risk factors such as:
- Hypercoaguable state (genetic predisposition)
- May Thurner Syndrome
Upper Extremity DVT
- Risk of embolization in upper extremity DVT is less than that with lower extremity DVT.[9]
Classification Based on the Acuity of the Clinical Presentation
- Subacute and acute DVT can be differentiated not only through the timing of the clinical presentation, bust also through ultrasound findings.[10]
- Subacute thrombosis refers to thrombosis formation involving a narrowing of the vein involved and a hyperechogenic clot; flow may be partially obstructed by this narrowing.
- Acute thrombosis can refer to:
- A vein with a thrombus that is normal or, even, wider than usual with the contralateral side of the vein being unaffected.
- A clot that, during ultrasound echos, is not dense.
- A clot that may totally or partially obstruct blood flow.
- In the evaluation of the upper extremity, the subclavian and brachiocephalic veins inability to be compressed may pose challenges for determining subacute versus acute status.
References
- ↑ Anand SS, Wells PS, Hunt D, Brill-Edwards P, Cook D, Ginsberg JS (1998). "Does this patient have deep vein thrombosis?". JAMA. 279 (14): 1094–9. PMID 9546569. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Wells PS, Hirsh J, Anderson DR; et al. (1995). "Accuracy of clinical assessment of deep-vein thrombosis". Lancet. 345 (8961): 1326–30. PMID 7752753. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cogo A, Lensing AW, Prandoni P, Hirsh J (1993). "Distribution of thrombosis in patients with symptomatic deep vein thrombosis. Implications for simplifying the diagnostic process with compression ultrasound". Arch. Intern. Med. 153 (24): 2777–80. PMID 8257253. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Galanaud JP, Sevestre-Pietri MA, Bosson JL, Laroche JP, Righini M, Brisot D, Boge G, van Kien AK, Gattolliat O, Bettarel-Binon C, Gris JC, Genty C, Quere I (2009). "Comparative study on risk factors and early outcome of symptomatic distal versus proximal deep vein thrombosis: results from the OPTIMEV study". Thromb. Haemost. 102 (3): 493–500. doi:10.1160/TH09-01-0053. PMID 19718469. Retrieved 2011-12-14. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Alberts JL, Hass CJ, Vitek JL, Okun MS (2008). "Are two leads always better than one: an emerging case for unilateral subthalamic deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease". Exp Neurol. 214 (1): 1–5. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.07.019. PMC 2888769. PMID 18718469.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Joffe HV, Kucher N, Tapson VF, Goldhaber SZ (2004). "Upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis: a prospective registry of 592 patients". Circulation. 110 (12): 1605–11. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000142289.94369.D7. PMID 15353493. Retrieved 2012-10-07. Unknown parameter
|month=
ignored (help) - ↑ Isma N, Svensson PJ, Gottsäter A, Lindblad B (2010). "Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in the population-based Malmö thrombophilia study (MATS). Epidemiology, risk factors, recurrence risk, and mortality". Thromb Res. 125 (6): e335–8. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2010.03.005. PMID 20406709.
- ↑ Muñoz FJ, Mismetti P, Poggio R, Valle R, Barrón M, Guil M; et al. (2008). "Clinical outcome of patients with upper-extremity deep vein thrombosis: results from the RIETE Registry". Chest. 133 (1): 143–8. doi:10.1378/chest.07-1432. PMID 17925416.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Kucher N (2011). "Clinical practice. Deep-vein thrombosis of the upper extremities". N Engl J Med. 364 (9): 861–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp1008740. PMID 21366477.
- ↑ Cassou-Birckholz MF, Engelhorn CA, Salles-Cunha SX, Engelhorn AL, Zanoni CC, Gosalan CJ; et al. (2011). "Assessment of deep venous thrombosis by grayscale median analysis of ultrasound images". Ultrasound Q. 27 (1): 55–61. doi:10.1097/RUQ.0b013e31820e157d. PMID 21343802.