Chronic renal failure risk factors
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Editor-In-Chief: C. Michael Gibson, M.S., M.D. [1] Associate Editor(s)-in-Chief: Aarti Narayan, M.B.B.S [2]
Overview
It is important to identify patients at risk for developing chronic renal disease, even in patients with a normal serum creatinine levels. Chronic renal failure, requiring dialysis or organ transplant, can often be prevented with early detection and treatment.
Risk factors
- The kidneys are able to recover from many insults without necessary progression to CKD and end-stage renal disease (ESRD).
- Several factors have been shown to increase the risk of progression.
- The most studied model of progression to CKD is diabetic nephropathy (DN).
- Studies have linked the risk of progression to CKD in DN to the following risk factors:
- Other risk factors:
References
- ↑ Leehey DJ, Kramer HJ, Daoud TM, Chatha MP, Isreb MA (2005). "Progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes - beyond blood pressure control: an observational study". BMC Nephrol. 6: 8. doi:10.1186/1471-2369-6-8. PMC 1180831. PMID 15985177.
- ↑ Staples A, Wong C (2010). "Risk factors for progression of chronic kidney disease". Curr Opin Pediatr. 22 (2): 161–9. doi:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328336ebb0. PMC 2948868. PMID 20090523.
- ↑ Breyer JA, Bain RP, Evans JK, Nahman NS, Lewis EJ, Cooper M; et al. (1996). "Predictors of the progression of renal insufficiency in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes and overt diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group". Kidney Int. 50 (5): 1651–8. PMID 8914032.
- ↑ Hovind P, Rossing P, Tarnow L, Smidt UM, Parving HH (2001). "Progression of diabetic nephropathy". Kidney Int. 59 (2): 702–9. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.059002702.x. PMID 11168952.
- ↑ Murray MD, Black PK, Kuzmik DD, Haag KM, Manatunga AK, Mullin MA; et al. (1995). "Acute and chronic effects of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs on glomerular filtration rate in elderly patients". Am J Med Sci. 310 (5): 188–97. PMID 7485222.
- ↑ Orth SR, Schroeder T, Ritz E, Ferrari P (2005). "Effects of smoking on renal function in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus". Nephrol Dial Transplant. 20 (11): 2414–9. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfi022. PMID 16046507.
- ↑ Elsayed EF, Tighiouart H, Griffith J, Kurth T, Levey AS, Salem D; et al. (2007). "Cardiovascular disease and subsequent kidney disease". Arch Intern Med. 167 (11): 1130–6. doi:10.1001/archinte.167.11.1130. PMID 17563020.